What is indicative of increased intracranial pressure in a head injury patient?

In the context of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) following a head injury, both a decreased level of consciousness and projectile vomiting are significant indicators.

A decreased level of consciousness points to a disturbance in brain function, which can result from swelling, bruising, or the accumulation of blood within the skull that adds pressure on the brain. Any alteration in consciousness—be it confusion, drowsiness, or even unresponsiveness—can signal that the brain is under stress from increased pressure.

Projectile vomiting, unlike typical nausea and vomiting, is often caused by irritation of the brain or brainstem, commonly associated with ICP. This can occur due to pressure affecting areas of the brain that control vomiting reflexes. The nature of the vomiting (being sudden and forceful) distinguishes it from other forms associated with less severe conditions.

Together, these symptoms are critical in assessing the severity of a head injury and the risk of complications due to elevated ICP. Identifying these signs early can facilitate prompt medical intervention to mitigate further brain injury and improve patient outcomes.